Necessity of Understanding the Historical Roots of Psychological testing

Introduction It is quite interesting to note that methods of psychological testing have evolved over the years to incorporate a variety of new practices, methods of evaluation and even treatment in regards to mental illness (Matarazzo, 1992). For example, what is known today as post traumatic stress disorder was largely undiagnosed in the past and had been primarily thought of us as being isolated to individuals who went to war.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Necessity of Understanding the Historical Roots of Psychological testing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, it is generally attributed to instances involving a sufficiently traumatic event that can result in a â€Å"mental scar† so to speak that would require successive methods of psychological testing and evaluation to diagnose and treat. By understanding the historical underpinnings of psychological testing, we are able to come to the realization that as a field of medicine, psychology has experienced a considerable degree of trial and error due to complexities of the human mind (Yanovski, Nelson, 1993). Some of what was generally known as fact in the past is known as fiction today and vice versa. As such, through an understanding of past procedures we begin to question the effectiveness of present day processes and as a result strive to investigate whether alternative methods of evaluation, treatment and testing can be implemented so as to create a better scenario for the patient. Necessity of Understanding the Historical Roots of Psychological testing It must also be noted that by exploring the historical roots of psychological testing students are in effect introduced to the mistakes, ridiculous assumptions and often times bizarre types of treatments that were often utilized in the past to test and treat patients (Ash, 1971). Through exposure to such lessons, students are in effect shown the evolution of psy chological testing and how gaps in understanding and research often lead to flawed assumptions resulting in dubious if not highly unethical testing and treatment methods. By understanding the necessity of a thorough understanding of intricacies of the mind, students within the field of psychological begin to develop the basic foundations of the ethical and scientific guidelines that are necessary within the field (Bizot, 1998). This helps to ensure that they avoid instances where they do more harm than good with the patients under their care through either misdiagnosis during testing or improper methods of treatment being implemented. Developing an Understanding of Present Day Processes From another perspective, it can actually be assumed that by understanding the historical roots of psychological testing students are in effect given a preview as to how present day testing procedures evolved and how they will continue to evolve in the future which should greatly influence how the fi eld progresses in terms of its correlation to advances in scientific developments.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What must be understood is that by examining the historical roots of psychological testing, students will be able see how intertwined it is with advances in technological development. They will come to realize that as technology advances so too does it broaden our ability to understand the mind and that the present day means by which we understand and implement methods of psychological testing is inherently limited by the technological innovation that enabled such procedures to be developed in the first place. As such, by developing the understanding that as a field psychology is still â€Å"incomplete† so to speak this enables the creation of the mindset that focuses on developing new methods of evaluation, testing and treatment based on a better underst anding of the mind. Reference List Ash, P. (1971). A History of Psychological Testing (Book). Personnel Psychology, 24(3), 539-543. Bizot, E. B. (1998). Book reviews. American Journal Of Evaluation, 19(2), 255. Matarazzo, J. D. (1992). Psychology testing and assessment in the 21st century.  American Psychologist, 47(8), 1007. Yanovski, S., Nelson, J. E. (1993). Association of binge eating disorder and psychiatric comorbidity in obese subjects. American Journal Of Psychiatry,  150(10), 1472. This research paper on Necessity of Understanding the Historical Roots of Psychological testing was written and submitted by user Rayden G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Are data and sales publishings driving forces

Are data and sales publishings driving forces Are data and sales publishing's driving forces? Reedsy was at The Frankfurt Book Fair this year. The conferences from the self-publishing program were interesting, but often too short to really dig into details. Luckily, I had registered ahead of time for a panel that went almost unnoticed thanks to poor programming; by Saturday morning, most of the trade visitors had either left or were too exhausted to reflect on the state of the industry with any wit or coherence.Porter Anderson, journalist for The Bookseller’s Futurebook and Thought Catalog; Orna Ross, â€Å"indie† author and founder of ALLi; and Marcello Vena, founder of All Brain, a publishing consultancy, convened to answer one brilliant, pertinent question: Is it all about sales?The dissection of a publisher by Marcello VenaPorter opened, putting the question to the panel. First up was Marcello Vena with a 15-minute dissection of a publishing company. Marcello didn’t try to be elaborate or- heaven forbid- present us with another blueprint of how to â⠂¬Å"disrupt† the publishing industry. Rather, he drew a clear, structured picture of what publishing should be about, going back to the fundamentals.Here’s what I took away from Marcello’s contribution: Yes, publishing is a business. The biggest publishers are owned by multinationals and are under the pressure of the markets. And the markets care about sales. Whether this should be its philosophy or not, a publishing company is always there to make money, because else it cannot be sustained. It’s that simple.However- and this is where the beautiful twist comes in- even though sales are just as important to Penguin as to Pampers, selling books isn’t like selling diapers. Publishing is a creative industry. Sales depend on two different capabilities: first,  acquisition (luring the best authors who write the best books, and developing their careers), and second,  marketing (i.e. ensuring that the books get into the hands of their target audience).T his is what makes publishing such a puzzle, an industry resistant to standard strategies of â€Å"disruption†: you have to compete both for content and distribution.When both are done together, and done well, that equals†¦ sales.When the balance is not respected†¦Good debate needs common ground- something we can all agree on. Now that we know how a publisher should work, we can identify what is going wrong (if, indeed, something is going wrong).And no one better than Orna to help with that. You can read her story here. Orna’s publisher didn’t respect the necessary balance between acquisition and marketing. Her publisher took her book about â€Å"strong women rising above their inherited circumstances† and turned it into a love story with a neon-pink cover. â€Å"For the mass market,† she was told.This is not the first â€Å"horror story† (Polly Courtney has a similar one), nor will it be the last. They always follow the same classi c plot: author takes book to publisher, publisher uses book as raw material for making something more â€Å"marketable,† author feels like giving up.To widen the debate: a reflection on data and creative industriesThis is when Porter kicked in with a comparison to the news industry. Before the data-era, the power in newspapers and magazines resided with the editorial team. Journalists wrote what they wanted, how they wanted - and this often resulted in well-written, in-depth pieces on critical subjects.Now, power has shifted to the advertisers. Journalists are not supposed to write what they think is â€Å"good† or relevant; they have to write what data shows will be read and clicked on.This comparison led the audience to a crucial question in this debate: is data compatible with creative industries?Data-driven strategies are all about testing and iteration, repeating what works. Obviously, Marcello points out, big publishers do other things too. If they didn’t, we’d be drowning in a sea of erotica right now. But things might be moving that way, just like they have for journalism.Trying to be iterative in a creative industry is problematic because it stops publishers from finding the next â€Å"big hit†. Big hits are almost always books that uncover a market that either didn’t exist or looked dead (exempli gratia: Harry Potter, Fifty Shades of Grey). Sometimes the acquisition team of a publisher has to take a leap of faith- a leap unsupported by data- and marketing has to trust it.Closing remarksThe balance between editorial and marketing is maybe only one of the challenges facing publishing companies nowadays, but it might be the most important. The balance is at once about publishing itself, what it means, what it does.As Porter has repeatedly pointed out in his articles for The Bookseller or Thought Catalog, we often forget that the big shift happening in the publishing industry is a relatively recent one.   We ar e in this industry and this makes us impatient to see progress and adaptation to change, but we must not forget that no other industry would have reacted quicker or better to such a paradigm shift. It’s not exactly the most comforting of thoughts, but it’s true.Nevertheless, hopefully when I’m in Frankfurt this time next year we’ll have started to see some sort of response to all this kind of thing.Thanks for reading.RicardoCOO, ReedsyIf you enjoyed Ricardo’s thoughts on the business of publishing, you might want to check out some of these posts†¦Patience: The Modern Author’s Lost VirtueAuthorpreneurs VC PublishersUncommon Author - An Interview with Eliot Peper

If accounting is to retain any credibility-and without credibility it Essay

If accounting is to retain any credibility-and without credibility it is worthless - its guiding light must be neutrality in - Essay Example The aims of financial account have a very major influence on the way institutions operate, on certain rules and regulations of accounting and accounting practices conducted at the corporate level. The two main goals of accounting policy is to firstly focus upon the importance of accounting systems for the private sector and secondly it is to be utilized by the government sector. Different countries place different level of importance on accounting. There are two kinds of users of accounting and accounting systems, these include the macro and the micro level users. The main difference between these users is the intention of using accounting information, this means that macro level users use it for different purposes and micro level users use it for different purposes (MA, 1997, p.198). Those who are referred to as macro level users include government agencies that uses accounting information for the purpose of economic planning and development. Those who are referred to as micro users are the ones who provide the capital and are given utmost importance in society. Body The two different users and the way they use accounting in different manners is quite evident in the role played by accounting in capital markets. For example in areas such as US and Canada, the system of accounting in these nations is micro user level and the broader aim of the accounting policy is to provide financial statements that are unbiased and fair (Flesher, 2010, p.66). When the emphasis is paid to providing fair and truthful accounting information, the organizations within these nations are expected to disclose their financial transactions in a reliable and credible manner. Transaction conducted by the organizations that follow the micro user level accountancy aims at achieving economic substance rather than conforming to rules and regulations set by the country. Nations that follow the macro user level accountancy system do not operate while aim at achieving fairness in providing accou nting details and information. Traditionally the main aim of accounting has been to safeguard the loss of assets that take place in a secretive manner. This aim of accountancy was obtained by reporting less than the actually amount of assets owned and profit made by an organization. At the domestic level capital markets, the aim of accountancy is to achieve optimum level corporate governance. At the domestic level, those nations that follow micro user accounting systems, the main role of accounts and accountants is to provide reliable accounting information in order to evaluate the performance of the management. Management’s performance is measured through several means and the main way proposed is to how well they keep track of the organizations earning, dividends and cash flows. The main aim of the management is to increase the profit of the organization and for this they end up producing biased accounting reports and due to this there is a need to provide, unbiased and neu tral accounting reports to decrease the conflict between the management and the owners of the business (Wolk, 2001, p.217). There have been ample amount of debate surrounding the impact of accounting on a businesses profits and well being, this have increase the possibility that certain methods of accountancy can be utilized to obtained desired aims and objectives. The aims and objectives that can be obtained include increasing competitiveness of

Expectancy theory in nursing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Expectancy theory in nursing - Article Example There are three components of expectancy theory, which are expectancy, valence, and instrumentality. In expectancy, the belief is that the efforts of an individual’s determine their attainment of desired performance and goals. To do so, the individuals have to develop their self-efficacy by assessing whether they have the required skills and knowledge to achieve the desired goals. Goals difficulty occurs when the set goals are set too high or the achievement of the performance expectations are set too hard. This leads to low expectancy especially when the desired results of an individual are un-attainable according to the beliefs of the individual. An individual may also get the perceived control where they believe that there is some degree of control over their expected outcome. If such individuals believe that the outcome is beyond their perceived outcomes, then their ability to influence is low leading to low motivation. In instrumentality, individuals believe that they will receive a reward if they meet the performance expectations set. This may be in form of a promotion, salary increment, or recognition. Valence, on the other hand, is the individuals’ beliefs in the reward of certain outcome. It is based on their goals, motivational factors, and values. Expectancy theory is related to nursing management in that it allows the nurse managers to ensure that their employees are well motivated to maximize on their potential. It ensures that the nurse managers come up with policies to ensure that each successful outcome of the nurses’ performance is rewarded. They ensure that the efforts made by all the nurses will result into attainment of desired goals and objectives (Yoder-Wise, 2014). To do so, the nurses have to have the required belief in their ability to achieve the set goals and ensure that the goals set are not too high for the nurse to achieve. Â  

Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior Essay Example for Free

Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior Essay In the article, â€Å"Why Chinese mothers are Superior, Chua describes her efforts to give her children what she describes as a traditional, strict â€Å"Chinese† upbringing. ] This piece was controversial. Many readers missed the supposed irony and self-deprecating humor in the title and the piece itself and instead believed that Chua was advocating the â€Å"superiority† of a particular, very strict, ethnically defined approach to parenting. In fact Chua has stated that the book was not a how-to manual but a self-mocking memoir. In any case, Chua defines â€Å"Chinese mother† loosely to include parents of other ethnicities who practice traditional, strict child-rearing, while also acknowledging that â€Å"Western parents come in all varieties,† and not all ethnically Chinese parents practice strict child-rearing. Chua also reported that in one study of 48 Chinese immigrant mothers, the vast majority said that they believe their children can be the best students, that academic achievement reflects successful parenting, and that if children did not excel at school then there was a problem and parents were not doing their job. Chua contrasts them with the view she labels â€Å"Western† – that a child’s self-esteem is paramount Amy makes it clear that the Asian kids are not born smart (For the most part, at least) It is hard work and training from the parents that shapes the children into these wonder kids. To prove her point she lists up a number of things that her daughter were never allowed to do, such as: * Have a play date * Watch television or play computer games * Attend a school play * Complain about not in a school play And so on.. Prohibitions that seems totally unreasonable for us â€Å"westerns†, as she loosely has named us. Throughout the text she covers several perspectives on parenting, which of a few I surprisingly agree on. Most of her viewpoints I deeply disagree with though and is far from my idea about proper parenting. Each time she lists up one of her perspectives, she compares the Chinese perspective with the Western perspective. She does this in a very subjective manner I think. She is very clever rhetorically. At some parts of the text, I actually caught my self being very close to getting dragged towards her side. I found it quite amusing to feel the power of pathos, but at the same time a bit daunting. According to Amy, the main difference between Chinese parents and Western parents is the way they see their children. Western parents believe that respecting their children’s choices, their individuality and always encouraging them to pursue their true passions is the way. In contrast, Chinese parents believe that preparing their children for the future, and..

Abortion: Pro Choice View :: essays research papers

Abortion: Pro Choice View Abortion is a growing issue in America among women and their right to reproduce children. Approximately one to three million abortions are done each year. Women get abortions for many reasons such as for rape, teen pregnancy and health reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rape is one of many reasons that cause women to choose abortion to end their pregnancies. What to do about their pregnancy is mandatory, although many or them felt they were ending a life. They are wise enough to know how they would treat their illegitimate child. They hate their rapist, and worry that if they kept their babies, they would hate their children for reminding them of such a painful time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Young women between 15 and 19 account for at least 5 million abortions every year -- 1 million of them in the United States. In fact, one of every five pregnancies happens to a teen-age girl. In situations like this, some people are sure that they could take care of the child, while others know that they aren't ready or mature enough to take so much responsibility. In many cases the child would have no one to rely on but a single mother with no schooling, and maybe a non-supportive family. He or she would have a twisted, miserable upbringing, left vulnerable later in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another reason that causes women choice abortion is health problem. There is a range of problems, including the child being born with Down's Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, or a disposition to obesity, which can later in life cause clogged arteries and heart failure.

Training and Development of KFC

  Kentucky Fried Chicken has extensive program prepared for the services crews or food service workers in customer service, health and safety, cleaning procedures, and food preparation.   Started with using special combinations of eleven herbs and spices as seasonings, Colonel Sanders (the founder) started the business in Kentucky in the mid 1939 but started its way to franchising business in 1955. After many years of existence, KFC still holds the philosophies and values of hard work and excellent customer service that Colonel instilled in all its stores around the world.   Ã‚  KFC now is one of the brands owned by Yum! Brands, Inc.How their training program connected with the philosophy and mission of the organization (Nationally and internationally)KFC has bolstered its â€Å"Colonel’s Tradition† way of recruiting and training workers.   Albrecht mentioned about some strategies KFC has formulated in order to observe operating efficiencies.   One of those st rategies was the revision of KFC’s crew training programs and operating standards, which is centered on customer service and continued high quality products across the franchises (p. 318).In 1997, with the 5,117 outlets mostly franchised nationally and internationally, KFC knows the importance of controlling the operation especially the service quality and products despite the differences in culture, language, local law, financial markets, and marketing strategies, through the Tricon International division, which is a marketing arm of the company. By means of the consultation process with the Yum! Chief People Officer Strategy, the head office receives feedback from franchise owners about their human resources and training performance.   This gives employees assurance that they receive same training practices and experiences regardless of restaurant ownership.Consistent with the company’s mission and values, it also trains with a status as â€Å"Registered Training Organization† that provides their trainees with nationally accredited qualification once completed the programs. The following are the certificates that could be accumulated: certificate in retail operations, retail supervision, and retail management (â€Å"Training and Retaining†).Steps involved in training their employees (managers and working staff).KFC has a structured orientation and training program for newly hired personnel assigned in Customer Service and Food Service that could give them Nationally Recognized qualification (kfcjob.com).   The traineeship that usually lasts from one to three years will give the employees good credential and good experience, which could give them opportunity for promotion in the future.   Along with their value â€Å"How we work together principle,† KFC has developed a management team that will supervise the career development needs of the employees.   Aside from that, if an employee wants to become a Restaurant Gene ral Management level, he has to attend the ‘Developing Champions’ program.The training programs include manuals, skill checklists, and tracking charts to ensure that trainees learn effectively in enable them to acquire promotion internally.KFC provides different training programs to help increase the skills and performance of the employees. They have STAR2000, helps increase skills and performance; In the Lead program, this prepares employee to become shift supervisor; this training gives the trainee the chance to become Assistant Unit Manager; the Vision I, and Be the Leader program, this helps make one become General Manager at KFC restaurant.   These programs prepare everyone for professional growth in the company.The training is given upon the advice of the Human Resource Department of the company so long as the employee accomplishes a degree of satisfaction upon evaluation of his or her performance.Conceptual model of procedures and steps involved in trainingThe training program has two phases, one is for employees, and the other one is given for franchise employees.   However the program is applied to both to ensure quality service among the KFC personnel. The model schema of KFC training program according to level is shown below:What training program KFC use to train their franchisee employees in host country as well as in oversees?KFC supplies its franchise employee with lots of benefits and support to help it grow in the business such as advertising, coaching, training and sourcing.   As a neophyte, KFC offers trainings called Franchise Management and Leadership courses prior to the operation that usually last to eight weeks for key restaurant personnel through the Yum! University (â€Å"Franchise†).   The program consists of basic product training, leading a shift, leading a restaurant, and leading multiple restaurants.Another training programs are given that can take up to six months during the operation called â€Å"Dev eloping Champions, Area Coach Orientation, and restaurant support centre induction† (Franchise).  KFC provides worldwide support for the learning and institutionalization of key leadership and management program for both company leaders and franchises.While training their employees in overseas, is the KFC organization socially responsible organization if yes why?KFC organization is a socially responsible because it is not only committed in providing career development to its employees, it also responsible in helping maintain healthy diets to its customers.Employees are assured of good career path with KFC around the world because of incentives, benefits, and promotions it offers.   The trainings are not only intended to ensure quality service of the employees but the also serve to give them promotion opportunities.KFC also joined the world’s campaign against poverty.   In a report, KFC and Pizza Huts all over the globe launched the first World Hunger Relief Week o n October 14, 2007 (â€Å"Buy a Meal†).Aside from that, KFC has other means to help the community.   It provides scholars to high school seniors planning to enroll in state-owned colleges or universities, it conducts its business in ethical manner and principles (the ‘How We Work Together’ principle), and their animal welfare program.ConclusionKentucky Fried Chicken Corporation is an example of an entrepreneurial business that started small and grew remarkably.   Its commitment towards efficiency in their service has motivated its founder Colonel to create a unique approach in maintaining quality service and products by means of providing training to the employees for greater efficiency in line with work.   These trainings bring out benefits not only for the company but also for also professional advancement of the employees.Using diverse training programs, the company is assured that they possess quality personnel and crew with one hundred percent retentio n.ReferenceAlbrecht, Maryann H. (2001). International HRM: Managing Diversity in the Workplace. UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.Buy a meal give a meal World Hunger Relief Week. October 14-20, 2007. http://www.kfc.co.uk/charity/charity.aspxFranchise and Business Opportunities for Entrepreneurs. http://www.franchisegator.com/KFC-Kentucky-Fried-Chicken-franchise/Franchise. http://www.kfc.co.uk/about/franchise.aspxKFC (2008). http://www.kfc.com/about/careers.aspTraining and Retaining Great Employees. Financial Review Case Studies. http://www.afrbiz.com.au/page.asp?3652=430506&E_Page=416317&3648=430499&case=430501U+KFC. http://www.kfcjobs.com.au/team/vision-and-values.aspx